18年火币宣布获得了美国 MSB (Money ServicesBusiness)牌照时,引发了业内关注与热议,同时也拉开各交易所的合规序幕。随着 STO 规则在美国 SEC 动态监管下趋于成熟,很多交易所也开始了美国MSB、MTL牌照的申请和合规布局。
实际上,美国针对金融服务机构的监管有其特殊性,采用了双层监管框架,针对加密服务提供商来说,需要分别在联邦和州两个层面进行合规:
联邦层面合规:MSB牌照
目前在联邦层面,加密货币交易所及加密货币发行方在FinCEN(美国财政部下设机构金融犯罪执法局)的定义中属于货币服务提供商范畴。
《Application of FinCEN’s Regualations to Persons Administering, Exchanging, or Using Virtual Currencies》中阐明,向美国人提供服务的数字资产 “管理方” (例如资产发行方) 与 “兑换方” (例如交易所) 属于美国银行保密法案 (BSA) 下的 MSB,需要在公司设立180天内向FinCEN提出注册。
MSB是Money Services Business的简称,受FinCEN监管,属于注册许可制。
因此,加密服务商需在FinCEN注册成为MSB,并遵守《银行保密法》和反洗钱及反恐怖融资要求。
州层面合规 :MTL牌照
在州层面,各州推出的加密资产监管规定不尽相同(如纽约州的Bitlicense)。
加密服务商需通过向各州申请MTL牌照(Money Transmitter Licensing)进行州层面的合规,可根据需求进行选择性申请。
牌照申请指南
1、加密服务商如何申请牌照?
MSB牌照适用于国际汇款、外汇兑换、货币交易/转移,ICO 发行、提供预付项目、签发旅行支票等业务。
MTL牌照适用于数字货币交易,币币交易,法币交易等业务。
持有 MSB 以后并不意味着就可以在美合规开展币币交易业务。因此,必须先向FinCEN申请MSB,再申请各州MTL牌照。
2、MSB与MTL牌照申请条件是怎样的?
- 在美国注册当地公司、开设账户
- 向FinCEN申请MSB牌照
MSB牌照是52个州通用的,申请不需保证金,注册美国当地公司申请税号就可以向FinCen申请MSB牌照。
- 在美国各州申请MTL牌照
MTL牌照需缴纳保证金,每个州的保证金是不同的。注册美国当地的公司以后需要开设公司账户,并按要求缴纳保证金,然后再向各州递交申请MTL牌照。
STO合规指南
STO受美国SEC监管
加密货币如具有证券属性或者交易具有证券属性的代币,都会受到美国证券交易委员会SEC 监督。
SEC(美国证券交易会)在 2019 年 4 月发布了区块链 token 监管指导方针,使用 Howey 测试对加密货币进行分类判断是否具有证券属性。目前除了比特币、以太坊以及稳定币明确为非证券型代币外,其他代币都有被判定为证券的可能。合规的加密货币交易所在选择代币交易种类时,也需谨慎做出选择,避免可能的证券型代币。
此外,SEC 还负责加密货币 ETF 的申请审核。迄今为止,SEC仅通过了比特币期货ETF的申请,但并未给追踪实物比特币价格的比特币现货ETF开绿灯。此外,风险范围较小的加密货币信托产品得到了 SEC 的批准,例如灰度旗下的 GBTC 和 ETHE,这两者都是向 SEC 报告的产品。
SEC 还关注加密货币交易的监管,2020 年的《数字商品交易法》提到在交易数字商品时,要符合证券法的要求。
STO需向美国SEC申请豁免
2012 年美国国会通过了JOBS法案 ( Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act),对联邦证券法规定的证券公开发行注册制度增设了新的豁免条款,在 各 法 案 的 基 础 上,SEC 制定了Regulation D、Regulation A+、Regulation S等一系列具体的豁免规则。
目前美国STO实践主要依据Regulation D、Regulation A+、Regulation S获得注册豁免,具体而言:
Regulation D 适应于私募融资或面向合格投资者的公开募资,对 STO而言也仅适用于其私募阶段,不能向一般投资者公开募资。
Regulation A+ 也被称为 “mini IPO”,其融资总限额高达 5000 万 美金,但开始融资前需要获得 SEC 或州对证券发行的提前认可 ( Qualification) ,发行证券第一年在二级市场的交易额不得超过发行总价的 30%,而对于融资额超过2000万美元的项目,还要求融资方履行类似IPO的严格持续披露义务。
Regulation S 则主要针对向美国以外的海外投资者融资的项目,通过该条款发行证券,可以向美国以外的投资者投融资,而且不受融资限额的规定,仅需要在发行后15天内向SEC备案,但一年内禁止转让给美国境内的投资者,同时还需要符合投资人所在国的投资者适当性和发行前置条件等监管规定。
Regulation D、Regulation A+、Regulation S成为当下各类STO项目宣称自身合规的主要依据,通常采取组合使用的方式:
1、Regulation D完成私募阶段并将出售的Token“锁仓”,及从技术上禁止私募阶段的投资人转让所购得的Token,以符合禁售期的规定。
2、基于Regulation S向美国以外的投资者募集资金,或者基于Regulation A+向SEC申请允许Regulation S进行 “mini IPO”。
除美国法的监管规定外,Regulation S同时指出,融资还需要符合投资人所在国的有关监管规定。
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